Which murmurs are associated with mitral valves?

The correct association for murmurs related to mitral valve pathology is found in the choice that includes pansystolic and diastolic murmurs. Pansystolic murmurs, also known as holosystolic murmurs, are commonly heard in conditions such as mitral regurgitation, where blood flows backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium during systole. This type of murmur typically has a uniform intensity throughout systole and can often be heard best at the apex of the heart, often radiating to the left axilla.

Diastolic murmurs can also be associated with mitral valve problems, specifically in cases of mitral stenosis, where the mitral valve does not open adequately during diastole, leading to turbulent blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle. This allows for the identification of a diastolic murmur often described as a low-pitched rumble.

The other options describe different types of murmurs not specifically associated with mitral valve pathology. For instance, mid-systolic clicks are indicative of mitral valve prolapse, whereas early and late systolic ejection murmurs typically relate to aortic or pulmonary valve activity. Musical and continuous murmurs