What medications are typically used to prevent late-phase reactions in anaphylaxis?

The use of antihistamines and steroids is critical in preventing late-phase reactions in patients who have experienced anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is not only an immediate reaction but can also have a late-phase component that occurs hours after the initial exposure to the allergen. The late-phase reaction is mediated by inflammatory cytokines and can lead to prolonged symptoms and complications.

Antihistamines work by blocking the effects of histamine, which plays a significant role in allergic responses. While they are effective in managing symptoms caused by histamine release, they are not sufficient on their own to prevent a late-phase reaction. This is where corticosteroids come into play; they help to modulate the immune response by reducing inflammation and preventing the release of mediators involved in the late-phase response. Starting steroids early after the onset of anaphylaxis can help mitigate these extended symptoms and reduce the likelihood of further complications.

The other options do not provide the same protective effects against late-phase reactions. Beta-blockers can potentially worsen anaphylactic reactions and are not used for prevention. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not target the mechanisms involved in anaphylaxis specifically and thus are ineffective in this scenario. Topical ointments may provide symptomatic relief